超临界流体萃取在研究土壤和沉积物结合态残留中的应用

许多有机污染物在土壤和沉积物中形成持久稳定的结合态残留；结合态残留对土壤和沉积物的解毒过程、污染物长期分配行为、生物可用性和生物毒性都具有重要影响。为了揭示结合态残留的形成机制及其对污染物环境行为和毒理学参数的影响，从土壤或沉积物中提取出不同结合状态的有机污染物就显得非常重要。超临界流体萃取(SFE)可以实现选择性萃取，从而得到有关污染物一基体间相互作用的信息。文章介绍了SFE应用类型、超临界流体种类以及影响SFE萃取率的因素，对SFE模拟有机污染物长期吸附／解吸行为和生物可用性研究进行了论述，并认为SFE势必发展成为土壤或沉积物中结合态残留形成机理研究、土壤修复和生态风险评价的一种强有力的技术。     

Complexity of seminal fluid: a review

The seminal fluid is a complex medium containing a great variety of molecules, mainly produced by sex accessory glands, and also cells other than spermatozoa (e.g. leucocytes). In this paper, I review current knowledge on composition of seminal fluid in both vertebrates (mainly mammals) and invertebrates (mainly insects) with internal fertilisation, in the light of possible benefits of seminal fluid components to males (e.g. sperm capacitation, sperm competition and fertilisation), possible costs to males (e.g. autoimmunity, antigenic effects), potential benefits to females being inseminated (e.g. food, immunostimulation and antibiotic effects) and potential costs to females (e.g. transmission of venereal diseases). The diversity of microorganismal, cellular and molecular components of seminal fluids can be interpreted in the light of emergence of co-adapted complexes, host–parasite coevolution, male–female arms races, sperm competition, pleiotropy and redundancy of function.     

炉渣用于深层过滤的试验研究

将炉渣用作深层过滤的床层过滤,在油田水处理中具有良好的应用前景。通过对炉渣滤料的物性测定,对流体力学性能、过滤性能及反洗性能的研究,获得了有关炉渣滤料的粒径分布、床层孔隙率、密度、吸水率等物性参数,以及清洁滤料床层阻力与速度的关系曲线和流化曲线,过滤条件下床层阻力随时间的变化关系和悬浮物脱除率随时间的变化曲线,炉渣床层的反洗曲线。结果表明：炉渣表面粗糙,有棱角,吸附表面积大,孔隙率大,过滤效果好;炉渣滤料密度小,反洗效果较好,反洗用水量只是过滤水量的５％左右;同时,炉渣作为滤料用于深层过滤,不仅来源广泛,而且属废物利用。     

废钻井液污染分析及处理方法的探讨

为解决废钻井液对周围环境的污染,介绍了废钻井液的成分及对环境的影响,分析了国内外废钻井液处理方法的优缺点,详细阐述了中原油田结合本单位情况,用无害化处理技术处理废钻井液的方法和效果。试验表明：无害化处理剂中的各组分与废钻井液中各污染因子发生化学和物理作用,经３～５个月固化后可以达到无害化处理的目的。分析认为：中原油田钻井废弃物无害化处理技术是切实可行的。     

Early amniocentesis—a cytogenetic evaluation of over 1500 cases

We report our cytogenetic experience of 1554 early amniocenteses between weeks 11 and 14 of gestation, of which 44 per cent were performed prior to week 14. The mean culture time was 14·5 days. Karyotyping was successful in 99·7 per cent of cases. In 9·9 per cent of cases, there was pseudomosaicism with a high rate of loss of an X-chromosome and structural aberration of chromosome 1, which may be due to the Chang medium. The mosaic rate was 0·5 per cent. The overall aberration rate was 2·8 per cent. Our data confirm the reliability of early amniocentesis, which is a serious alternative to standard amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).     

Prenatal detection of trisomy 21 in uncultured amniocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization: A prospective study

A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of trisomy 21 in interphase nuclei of uncultured amniotic fluid cells. Five hundred cases were analysed in situ and classified as normal or abnormal; the results were subsequently checked against the cytogenetic findings. Four hundred and ninety-three were correctly identified as normal with an 86·6 per cent average frequency of scored nuclei exhibiting two signals; six cases were correctly identified as trisomic for chromosome 21 with 81·7 per cent of scored nuclei exhibiting three signals; and one abnormal case involving an unbalanced chromosome 21·21 translocation was falsely scored as normal due to poor hybridization/detection efficiency. The method has been substantially improved and simplified so that it is suitable for the rapid detection of trisomy 21. As aneuploidy detection in interphase does not identify structural chromosome aberrations, it is not a substitute for fetal chromosome analysis.     

合流制排水系统溢流污染就地调蓄处理控制技术研究

在对高效混合絮凝斜板沉淀工艺进行现场中试的基础上,将化学强化处理工艺与调蓄池相结合,针对上海市某合流制排水系统,进行调蓄/沉淀池的概念设计,提出主要设计参数,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型对调蓄/沉淀池进行优化设计.试验和模拟结果表明,调蓄/沉淀池与单纯的调蓄池相比具有更好的溢流污染控制效果和效益/造价比.     

流体流速对好氧颗粒污泥快速培养的影响

针对好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养,研究了流体流速对好氧颗粒污泥形成特性的影响机制.由于反应器构型的差异,造成水力剪切力与流体特性的不同,从而对好氧颗粒污泥的形成产生较大影响.研究表明,在圆筒式SBR反应器中接种厌氧活性污泥,在36d时培养得到了成熟的颗粒,与挡板式反应器相比提前了4d左右,且MLSS提高了16.2%,达到5023mg/L;颗粒也更加致密,SVI达到45mL/g,远好于挡板式SBR反应器（序批式反应器）的SVI 63mL/g.原因是与挡板式SBR反应器相比,圆筒式SBR反应器的平均液相流速更高,气泡分布更均匀,水力剪切力更强.因此圆筒式SBR反应器培养好氧颗粒污泥的时间较短,污泥颗粒化的速度提高,得到的颗粒污泥更加紧凑密实.     

钻井废液的O_3/H_2O_2深度氧化处理研究

针对钻井废液COD高,成分复杂,难降解的特点,对经过破胶分离后的废水进行O3预氧化-中间混凝-O3/H2O2深度氧化处理工艺,考察了处理过程中pH值、O3与H2O2的加量、反应时间等。结果表明,当体系pH值为12,O3流量0.2m3/h,H2O2的加量700mg/L,反应时间50min时,原水COD由1462mg/L降至142mg/L,去除率高达90.28%。     

环境样品有机物分析预处理技术研究进展

在环境污染治理过程中,对环境样品进行预处理以进行分析检测必不可少,尤其针对环境中痕量存在的污染物,需经过预处理,浓缩被测痕量组分,以便提高检测方法的灵敏度,降低最小检测极限,并且可以使样品变得容易保存和运输。文章详细介绍了环境样品中有机物分析的预处理方法,将方法分为传统预处理方法和较新预处理方法,传统预处理方法包括:索氏提取法、超声波提取法、真空升华法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法;较新预处理方法包括:超临界流体萃取技术、固相微量萃取技术和吹扫捕集法。分别就传统和较新预处理方法的原理、优缺点及适用范围进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。